Simulation-based study of turbulent aquatic canopy flows with flexible stems

Large-eddy simulation (LES) is performed to investigate the dynamics of flow and canopy motions energy transfer in turbulent flows. Different from traditional approach that models as a continuous medium with drag coefficient prescribed priori , an immersed boundary method together beam model employed explicitly capture individual stems resolve monami. The cases cover broad range stem flexibilities rigid oscillatory yielding flow. For highly flexible canopies, fluctuation small such behaves like canopy, which used explain similarities features between canopies. Analyses kinetic (TKE) budget show that, cases, waving term associated drag–flow velocity correlation can be large one-half shear production near top. Spectral TKE analyses further reveal dominant effects at two characteristic scales: monami scale coherent structures mixing layer wake interval adjacent stems. found play important role interscale wall-normal transport terms. Our LES data spectral shortcut mechanism proposed by previous studies caused term.